Whey Proteins and Its Derivatives: A Comprehensive Overview of Bioactivity, Functionality, and Current Applications

Introduction

Whey Protein Derivatives: Concentrates, Isolates, and Hydrolysates

Biological Properties of Whey Proteins Associated with Bioactive Peptides

Whey Protein-Associated Bioactive Peptides

Manufacture of Bioactive Peptides from Whey Proteins

Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Whey Proteins

Microbial Fermentation and Food Processing of Whey Proteins

Bioactive Properties Associated with the Bioactive Peptides Isolated from Whey Proteins and Derivatives

Antioxidant Activity of the Bioactive Peptides

Antihypertensive Activity of the Bioactive Peptides

Opioid Activity of the Bioactive Peptides

Antidiabetic Property of the Bioactive Peptides

Anticancer Activity of the Bioactive Peptides

Immunomodulatory Activity of the Bioactive Peptides

Muscle Protein Synthesis by Bioactive Peptides

Identification of Bioactive Peptides Isolated from Whey Proteins and Derivatives

Functional Properties of Whey Proteins

Thermal Denaturation of Whey Proteins

Hydration and Solubility of Whey Proteins

Gelation Ability of Whey Proteins

Emulsification Property of Whey Proteins

Improvement in the Functionality through Conjugation

Current Applications of Whey Proteins and Its Derivatives

Role of Whey Proteins and Derivatives as Food Ingredients

Benefits of Combination of Whey Proteins and Derivatives with Other Supplements

Role of Whey Proteins and Derivatives as Encapsulating Agents and Coating Materials

Conclusions

Author Contributions

Funding

Acknowledgments

Conflicts of Interest

References